For the largest and vibrant democracy that is India, we have
made a smooth transition from paper ballot to electronic voting machines
(EVMs.) The EVMs were first used on a trial basis in 50 polling stations of
Parur Assembly Constituency of Kerala in May 1982. Since November 1998, EVMs
have been used in each and every general- and bye-election to Parliamentary and
Assembly constituencies in the country. India can proudly claim to have turned
into an e-democracy in the 2004 General Elections when 10.75 lakh EVMs were
used across all polling stations in the country. Today, EVMs are used in all
elections without exception.
If we could embrace EVMs long before the world did, there is
no reason why we cannot graduate to e-voting now. It goes without saying that
it cannot be accomplished overnight, not least because internet penetration is
not uniform throughout the country yet. Only about 200 million of the 800-odd
million voters in India today have access to internet and only half of the 200
million are reported to be active on social media. But it is in vogue in some
countries and it could become a reality in India, too. Switzerland and Estonia
are good examples of how technology can be put to best use for voting. Estonia,
in particular, introduced online voting in 2005: All that voters there had to
do was to prove their identities using an electronic national identity card in
order to be able to vote online. Norway is another European country that
harnesses the power of technology in conducting elections; it even allows the
less tech-savvy voters among them to vote telephonically.
In the UK, its Electoral Commission has said that reforms
such as allowing internet voting should be considered to engage younger voters
who are turning out in declining numbers. Only about 44 per cent of the
eligible voters in the UK under the age of 25 exercised their franchise,
according to some polls. Jenny Watson, the head of the Electoral Commission in
the UK, is reported to have said that “we plan to look at a variety of options
[such as e-voting], assessing how they will help citizens engage more
effectively.” She explained her decision thus: “By doing so we could by proxy
help address some of the issues with turnout, particular amongst an
increasingly disenfranchised younger generation[.] Unless our electoral system
keeps pace with the way many voters live the rest of their lives – where the
way they bank and the way they shop has been transformed – it risks being seen
as increasingly alien and outdated, particularly to young voters as they use it
for the first time.” The Electoral Commission in the UK plans to launch online
voter registration this year.
Online voting has its benefits: For instance, it could
encourage more young voters to exercise their franchise, thereby increasing the
voter turnout. The Election Commission of India is already overseeing the
implementation of the Systematic Voters Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP)
scheme for the last few years in order to encourage more voters, particularly
women, first-time voters and voters living in remote areas, to exercise their
franchise. According to the Election Commission, more than two crore voters in
the country are aged between 18 and 19 years. Out of a total of 81-odd crore
voters in the country, 2.3 crore are between 18-19 years, thus constituting 2.8
per cent of the national electorate. Also, e-voting could come in handy for the
defence personnel who otherwise have to rely on postal ballot. “Transmission
time can be cut down if blank ballot papers are sent electronically, providing
more time for their return. Better still would be to develop online voting and
what better way than to provide it to the group that deserves it the most? We
certainly owe it to our Armed forces personnel to do all that is possible to
enable them to exercise their franchise,” wrote Mr N Gopalaswami, a former
chief election commissioner, in a signed newspaper article. He was referring to
the Supreme Court directing the Election Commission (EC) to allow defence
personnel to vote as general voters in peace stations. In the future, online
voting could benefit non-resident Indians (NRIs), too, after making the
required legislative and/or logistical amendments.
Online voting is not without its concerns, though. Fears of
rigging or manipulation abound. Also, insulating it from hackers and
cyber-criminals could pose a challenge but it is not insurmountable. The
Aadhaar card devised by the Unique Identification Authority of India can be
among other things a valid proof of identity for online voting.
Fortunately for India, its Election Commission has not been
one to shy away from putting technology to use. According to reports, it plans
to webcast voting live from some of the 1.4 million-odd polling stations in the
country in this year’s general elections. The move will help the EC to keep a
check on sensitive polling stations. In the past, it has co-opted technology to
make Indian elections free, fair and transparent.
So to come back to my original question: If we can bank and
shop online, why indeed can’t we vote online?
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